The results of studies of humidity over a 10-year period at the experimental stations «Runoff Plots» and «Braslav» are shown at the article. According to data of 10-year study, average moisture content of the arable horizon of sod-podzolic soils with different erodibility degree formed on loess and moraine loams, as well as ranges of their deviations were determined. In the spring period humidity of arable layer of sod-podzolic soils on loess loams was 20-30% (level FC) in more than 70% of the cases, and during the harvest the most probable values are of 15-20%, which corresponds to the humidity rupture of capillaries (HRC). At the beginning of the growing season arable layer moisture of sod-podzolic soils on moraine loam was below field capacity (15-20%) in 50-70% of cases, and at the end of the growing season it was at the level of HRC (10-15%) in 43-71% of cases.

Under consideration are results of systematizing and analyzing the official documents (State reports about the land state and land use, peculiar features of the climate) as well as literature sources for 2000-2013 related to information on degradation and hazardous natural processes taking place at the territory of the Russian Federation. These processes exert adverse effects upon the soils in agricultural regions of the country, thus causing the great damage to national economic and facing an acute problem in agricultural sciences and soil science in particular. This problem is of great importance for the economic and the society being defined by the applied character of scientific research, the results of which may be used not only by the country’s agrarian and industrial complex (AIC) but also by organizations engaged in natural history, insurance, taxation, legal and other agencies.

In article the question of agroecological potential of arable grounds of Russia is discussed with use of the soil and agroclimatic index (PAKI), developed under the direction and with the assistance of the corresponding member of VASKHNIL of I.I. Karmanov. The agroclimatic (agricultural) areas (64), allocated for territories of the country and characterizing soil and agroecological conditions for cultivation of the main and the crops accompanying them in a crop rotation are differentiated on soil and agroecological areas (PAER), including certain administrative regions. PAER characterize a soil cover and geomorphological conditions of an area for cultivation of crops and their assessment in the points of site class calculated with application of PAKI in more detail. This information opens the third level of soil and agroecological division into districts (agroregions, agricultural areas, soil and agroecological areas).

At first a comparative study of mineralogical status of gray forest soils of Codry and xerophytic forest chernozems showed the presence of heterogeneity of parent rock complicating diagnostics of mineralogical transformations associated with soil formation. Despite the difficulties with the diagnostics in gray forest soils features of processes combination were found by the type of podzolization and lessivage with transfer into illuvial horizon predominantly of smectite and illite. Transformation of silicate base of soil is due to loss of substance and relative accumulation of resistant quartz, illite and kaolinite.

Differences in the balance of minerals in gray forest soils of Moldova's Codry and xerophytic forest chernozems are associated with inhomogeneity of rocks and the presence of lessivage and podzolization in gray forest soils. Taking into account the influence of heterogeneity of rocks the total loss of primary and clay minerals in them amounted to 8-25 kg, positive balance in the illuvial part of the profile - 3-82 kg/100 kg of rock. The reason of minerals balance calculation with heterogeneity of rocks is in the assessment of its impact on the volume of changes of soil mineralogy and the opportunity of diagnostics of the processes occurring in them.

At first a comparative study of the natural reserves of potassium in the gray forest soils and xerophytic forest- black earth showed that the general reserve is very high (1999-2968 mg/100 g of soil) and higher than that in the forest chernozems (2214-2474 mg/100 g of soil). The reason for this potential reserve and it is anomalously high content of mica, followed by manifestations of heterogeneity of soil-forming rocks. Direct reserve potassium in gray forest soils are 1.5-2 times lower (7-30 mg/100 g), and the proximal reserve (620-1069 mg/100 g) was comparable to that in the xerophytic forest - chernozem. The pattern of distribution of reserves to the profile in gray forest soils is influenced by soil-genetic factors and geological nature.

Efficient system of urban soil monitoring in Moscow City formed last 5 years is described. Main methodological aspects of urban soil study are presented. Results showed positive tendency of urban soil improvement in such large and urbanized city as Moscow megalopolis. It was reached due to Moscow City Law «On Urban Soils» and implementation of innovative recultivation technologies.

The main principles of the improved methodological approach, developed in National Scientific Center «Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovskij» to the calculation of the fundamental (basic) monetary assessment of agricultural soils are presented. On the basis of determining the value of mobile humus, available nutrition elements and natural biological potential of productive lands (bioefficiency) it was calculated the monetary evaluation for the main types of arable soils, including the administrative regions of Ukraine.

The results of studies of the dynamics of labile organic compounds, emissions of carbon dioxide and separate ecological groups of microorganisms in long-term stationary experiment on light-gray forest surface gleyed soil under maize for green mass are given. It is established that the content of labile organic compounds which are related to the processes of mineralization, the emissions of carbon dioxide and biological activity should be considered in each case only in the context of the main physico-chemical properties, in particular, the acidity of the soil solution. The use of organic and mineral fertilization system on the background of liming not only creates a stable content of labile organic matter (0,55-0,52%) during the whole vegetation period of maize, but also creates favorable prerequisites for humus accumulation, which once again underlines the crucial role of liming to improve nutrition and environmental quality of acidic soil.

Wash water regime formed only in sod-podzolic swamped soils with illuvial humus horizon in soils developed on sands, in automorphic sod-podzolic soils formed non-flushing regime. Soil and ground water in the sandy sediments accumulate due to subsurface runoff from soil with maximize hydration. It is developed a functional model of soil combinations moisture at low flat watersheds and deep depressions on loose sediments.

Based on analysis of the literature and our own experimental data it is defined a phyto- ameliorants impact on agrophysical indicators of chernozem podzolized (bulk density, density of solid phase, porosity, structural-aggregate composition and water-resistant ability of soil aggregates). It is determined phyto ameliorative effect of alfalfa, sainfoin, lupine, soy, mustard and Sudan grass on chernozem podzolized on loessial sandy loams. The perennial grasses and legumes have the greatest phyto- ameliorative effect.

The article includes the results of three years research on the impact of tillage minimization on the soil microbial cenosis and activity in the typical chernozem. The obtained results indicate an improvement of the biological status of the typical chernozem under decreasing mechanical load on soil. It was established that the variants with soil cultivation and zero tillage formed optimal conditions for the formation and functioning of the microbial coenosis of typical chernozem.

It was revealed that average annual grain-grass rotation productivity on sod-podzolic loamy soil during lower phosphorus fertilization at 70 kg/ha and potassium fertilization at 20 kg/ha on 8,2-12,8 h of f.u./ha was higher than at the sod-podzolic sandy loam. Total nutrients removal with yields has increased with increasing of fertilizer doses; potassium removal was the most significant, then nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium were in descending order; it was observed at all experiment variants the depletion of mobile forms of potassium on sod-podzolic soil in the 18-80 mg/kg and 27-48 mg/kg on sandy loam soil; humus content varied in both soil variants within experimental error.

This article considers the influence of different fertilization rates and fertilization systems in field 10-pole rotation of grain-beet type on the balance of potassium and its intensity. It is found that the balance of potassium in the soil is determined by the level of fertilizer application and removal of potassium by rotation crops, especially by non-market part of the harvest. Under the condition of leaving non-market harvest in the field for fertilizing, balance of potassium in the soil can be significantly improved and the application rate of potassium fertilizers in crop rotation can be reduced by half.

Research results of long various fertilizer systems application influence on the calcareous less and calcareous basic on sod-podzolic light loamy soil agrochemical indicators are given. Distinctions of various fertilizer systems when in use on agrochemical soil properties depending on soil acidity are established.

In the article is presents the economic substantiation of application of anhydrous ammonia in agriculture, is installed degree of its negative impact on soil and environmental parameters. Investigations were carried out in the short and long-term dynamics for three years in a field experiment. Results of investigations are demonstrated the influence of particular anhydrous ammonia on the physical and chemical and microbiological parameters of chernozem podzolic, productivity of element crop rotation (wheat, corn, sunflower). The advantage introducing anhydrous ammonia before sowing in comparison with traditional ammonium nitrate was established.

Comparative effectiveness of application of organo-calcareous and siliceous sapropel and cattle manure in the crop rotation link maize - spring rape - winter triticale was studied at the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It was found that application of 40 t/ha of organo-calcareous and 45 t/ha siliceous sapropel in the crop rotation link on the yield effect was similar to the effect of 60 t/ha of cattle manure and provided productivity growth of 29.6 and 33.2 c feed units/ha in the variants with organic-mineral fertilizer system.

The parameters of transformation of sewage sludge organic matter in aerobic and anaerobic bioconversion with various organic wastes were analyzed. Relationships between quality parameters of organic component of composts and conditions of bioconversion were determined.

The article presents data on infiltration of precipitation in the Republic of Belarus in the most common arable soils (from 1.0-1.5 meter layer) over a long-term period (1981-2012), by decades (1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010), seasons of a year (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and years with a different degree of soil moistening (wet, optimal, slightly rainless, dry, and very dry years). It was found out that in the conditions of the equal amount of precipitation, temperature regime, the same level of mineral fertilizer application under crop rotation in arable soils of the republic the value of precipitation infiltration to a greater degree varied depending on the type and particle-size composition of soil. Its maximum value was in the sod-podzolic sandy soil (212.1 l/m2) and minimal one was stated for sod-podzolic highly cultivated soil (83.7 l/m2). In all sod-podzolic soils of different particle-size distribution and peat the value of infiltration of precipitation was higher in wet periods and ranged from 101.8 l / m2 (peat) or 109.3 l/m2 (loamy) up to 262.8 ll/m2 (sandy soil) with the maximum infiltration in spring, then in winter, and after that in autumn and summer.

On cespitose and podzolic sandy loam soils of different degree of erodibility application of the differentiated doses of nitric, phosphoric and potash fertilizers under a summer colza is studied. It is established that on not washed away soil the greatest net income of 3298 thousands of Belarusian rub/ha and profitability of 165% provides application of N₁₁₀P₃₀K₆₀.It has been found that on non-eroded soil the greatest net is 3 298 thousands of Belarusian rub/ha and application of N₁₁₀P₃₀K₆₀ provides 165% profitability. Economic efficiency of chemical fertilizers on erodible soils is lower than on non-erodible soils. On middle-eroded soil N₁₂₀Р₄₀К₇₀ application is the most efficient - net income is 3017 thousands of Belarusian rub/ha and the profitability is 132%. On highly-eroded soil the doses of N₁₃₀P₅₀K₈₀ provide the greatest net income (2275 thousand rub/ha), while N₁₃₀P₃₀K₆₀ doses provide the highest profitability. In agricultural landscapes with short slopes and the preponderance of the upland part over the slope it is reasonable to apply mineral fertilizers in an average recommended dose for culture without considering relief elements or degree of soil erosion. In the landscaped massifs with long and medium-long slope and parity of upland and slope parts, as well as the preponderance of the slope over the upland, it is more efficiently an application of differentiated according to the degree of soil erosion doses of nitrogen fertilizer, but phosphate and potash fertilizers - in doses, calculated on the positive balance of macronutrients, depending on the availability of soil varying degrees of erosion.

On sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in field experiment with corn the effectiveness of different brands of liquid chelated microfertilizers MikroStim is studied.

Change of the content of microelements in chernozem of a steppe zone of Ukraine at the prolonged use of fertilizers in crop rotations is studied. It is established that the gross and acid forms of microelements are characterized by stability of indexes, although trend is marked of increasing Mn in gross plowing and subarable soil layers and gross Zn - in subarable at the typical chernozem. The content of the acid soluble forms Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb in a subarable layer of soil was decreased against the background of elevated and high doses of mineral fertilizers. The reliable increase of Mn mobility in the plowing layer of the typical chernozem was established. Mobility of Zn, Mn and Cu was decreased on the ordinary chernozem at plowing straw. MAC excess of total and mobile forms of microelements in chernozem of the region wasn't established.

The results of studies of the effect of foliar application of sapropel humate on biometrics and grain yield of wheat are given. Optimal doses of entering of preparation, which increased plant height, leaf area, quantities of productive stem, mass of 1000 grains are set, that as a result will lead to the production of a high quality and safe-health man harvests of culture.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the peculiarities of primocane raspberry plants adaptation to non-sterile conditions in different substrates. For ex vitro adaptation of two varieties of primocane raspberry (Poranna Rosa and Heritage) the following substrates were used: a mixture of peat and perlite (5:1); ion-exchange substrate BIONA-111; a mixture of perlite and BIONA-111 (4:1). Due to special characteristics of the plant variety Poranna Rosa 2 groups of seedlings were studied. The results of the study allowed identifying patterns of plants development and adaptation at the investigated substrates that depend on the size of the original pre-rooted plantlets of the variety Poranna Rosa. It was found that all three types of investigated substrates provide high survival rate of regenerated plants of both varieties, as well as good development of seedlings during adaption to non-sterile conditions. At the same time the length of the roots and shoots significantly affect both the variety and type of substrate for adaptation. The mixture of peat with perlite is recommended as the most optimized substrate for adaptation of primocane raspberry varieties.

The ability to use of biogas residue as organic fertilizer is reviewed. The studies of different researchers showed the influence of biogas residue on crop’s productivity and on soil agrochemical parameters. The fertilizer effect of biogas residue determines by available nutrients and other factors (e.g. weed seeds, helminthes and pathogens).